Current Rights of Women in India Essay

In America women have the right to work, vote, and own just about anything that they can afford. The only thing limiting them is their credit score, or the limit that the bank determines. These may seem like rights that are universal because the reality of America is not the dismays that other countries have to deal with. In other countries this luxury of Equal Rights is not common, and is actually rejected and avoided by all costs. Some countries do not believe in these rights because of their religion, and what they’ve been taught. How can a fundamental value not be learned? Other countries just do not know any different than the man as the hunter or provider, and the woman as the caregiver or housekeeper. These roles in America only recently began to be shared amongst the genders, and to this day these roles are not confirmed by any means. Other countries are beginning to open their mind to other policies mostly because of influences of other cultures, and it is about time this happens. Some of the horrifying conditions that women in India have to deal with are issues that no women would ever want to fathom, and is very unfortunate. Not always being granted the ability to gain an education, being married at a youthful age without any say in the choice of a partner, and unwanted abortion of female fetuses are just a few that surface news channels. Those disturbing issues listed above are what these women have to deal with regularly and have no hope of these problems ever changing because of what some people in some cultures call beliefs. Media has placed great emphasis on the stories that depict that the women’s rights in India have been improving over the past few decades. Improvement can be misinterpreted when a third world country is involved, because any change that is not for the worst can be considered an improvement. What has really improved? Is it going to be up to the women to determine at which point they feel like they are an equal gender in this country? Until this point, there is no telling how long this can take. Cultural Belief of Equality The problem lies in the internal practices of the country. India is a country which mainly operates from the religious inclinations of the population. Be that as it may, how can anyone question their beliefs, and furthermore, who is to say that these practices do or don’t work? Shouldn’t the answer of whether or not their current policies are effective come from the source – the women in this country? In 1926 Sarojini Naidu, the first female president of the Indian National Congress party, had helped achieve the right for women to vote along with the men. It had taken, like most political victories in India for women, a great deal of time and patience (Roy, 2012, para. 15). Indian society is also one of the world’s most culturally diverse, with innumerable linguistic, cultural, and religious groups. Due to the diversity of the Indian populace, Indian policy makers have faced a tough challenge in ensuring that the individual rights of its citizens, including women, are protected (â€Å"Balancing Minority Rights and Gender Justice: The Impact of Protecting Multiculturalism on Women’s Rights in India,† 2005, p. 05). This is a country where religion has always ruled their judicial and ethical structure, and because of this it will need to be a common agreement that there needs to be a change from within. The Butalia (1998) website describes a poor woman Rojammas who took a literacy class. She read a story about a woman who had to endure physical abuse from her husband due to his drinking habit. The woman in the story went through the village speaking with the other women to see who had the same problem as her. She determined that the reason for most of the abuse is that their husbands would go to work, and come home and spend all of their money on alcohol. The husbands would get upset when the women weren’t able to feed them because all of their money was spent at the liquor stores. The women rallied and protested at the liquor stores and eventually, in Andhra Pradesh liquor was banned. As a result, families were able to save, violence rates dropped, and life seemed to improve for these people. Unfortunately women are no longer able to be seen in the streets protesting. These brave women were able to make a difference, and had the strength and tools to do so. Since then, their power of protest and voice has been taken. Is this an improvement, and if so, what is next? The nineteenth century was to be considered â€Å"the age of the women†, because all over the world women’s rights and wrongs were the main topic of heated discussion amongst the world. Different countries such and France, Russia, England and Germany began spreading women consciousness, and more towards the mid nineteenth century, Russia began having issues with reformers and anarchist because of the question that was being widely spread across the nations; should women have rights? Although these issues were now arising throughout most countries, in India, the men still see it as men have all power and women obey as they are told. This now brings us with today’s issue that is still being fought in India and even in some other countries. Women now come across broken promises and the â€Å"possibility† of women rights when those rights were already being fought for and stated in the Indian Constitution. In the Constitution it states that â€Å"every single woman’s and girl’s well-being and safety paramount; that their liberties and rights are not to be challenged on the basis of attire or profession; that they are treated equally. † (Women’s Rights in India, 2009) With that being said, this is not the case of what is going on with the women in India; one in particular that was being socially, economically, and politically deprived. This is what is being said about this situation. â€Å"The police commissioner on the other hand has referred to the recent attacks on women as mere incidents of â€Å"eve teasing. † While eve-teasing is itself a term specific to the South Asian region, associated with unsolicited verbal harassment like catcalls, whistles and/or remarks directed towards women, the incidents that he so casually referred to were actual assaults on women for being dressed in western attire. More importantly, even eve teasing calls for action against the perpetrators† (Women’s Rights in India, 2009). It is not ethical for any one person to use their stature for their own personal gain. Although, different countries do have different ethics/cultural ethics, morals and religious beliefs they choose to abide by, does not mean it is not right to degrade women as sexual objects, â€Å"different† because of their personal beliefs, or even their own sense of style. How can one be punished because of the attire they chose to wear? Women have come so far from being just a â€Å"house wife†, to working while World War 1 was taking place, to joining the army to help our fellow soldiers fight for this country, to running as a presidential candidate. Women bleed, breath, think, feel emotion and get hurt physically just like men do, so why do we treat women any differently than a male? If you look back into Egyptian history, Greek Mythology and even some of the â€Å"Gods† that were â€Å"Political† figures to us at one point in time were women: Aphrodite, Artemis, Isis and etc. Women should be granted the exact same rights as the men in this world because they contribute to a lot of the findings we discover, cures we find, the birth our children, some of the things we study and so forth. Will we ever be able to look passed all of the things that we say and do about/towards women? Is it possible to give the rights that we promised for so many years to the women of our country and the other countries that have promised the exact same thing? Discrimination is such a huge discussion amongst our community today because it continues to thrive off of those that are not subjective to change. Change is exactly what we need to bring out the different opinions between cultures, and religious beliefs. Although it is a belief, that does not mean that it is morally right to believe it is ok to treat women in a certain fashion that we see as correct. The mixed bag of laws, bills, commitments, broken promises, new pledges and fresh possibilities for women’s rights comes with its share of anticipation and disappointments. Will promises be converted into laws and will prejudices make way for a little more tolerance and a little less chauvinism? Will social perceptions of women and their traditionally assigned roles in society witness a change under the collective pressure of government laws and social campaigns? And will society eventually look at girls through the same lens that they see boys? And yet hope survives†¦

Cause And Prevention Of Cancer Health Essay

Cancer is a word used for diseases in which unusual cells split without control and are able to assail other tissues. It ‘s cells can make other parts of the organic structure through the blood and lymph system. It is non merely one disease but many diseases. There are over 100 different types of malignant neoplastic disease. To recognize malignant neoplastic disease, it ‘s utile to cognize what happens when normal cells become malignant neoplastic disease cells. The organic structure is made up of many types of cells. These cells grow and split in a controlled manner to make more cells as they are necessary to maintain the organic structure strong. When cells become old or hurt, they pass off and are replaced with new cells. Despite that, sometimes this organized method goes wrong. The familial stuff ( DNA ) of a cell can go injury or misused, bring forthing mutants that concern normal cell growing and division. Equally shortly as this happens, cells do non decease as th ey should and new cells signifier when the organic structure does non necessitate them. Image coroneted Loss of Normal Growth Control. The image shows normal cell division and normal cell self-destruction or programmed cell death of a damaged cell. It besides shows malignant neoplastic disease cell division, through several mutant phases, stoping in uncontrolled growing.Types of CancerThe followers are the most normally known types of malignant neoplastic diseases. Bladder Cancer: It is a wild unusual growing and addition of cells in the urinary vesica which have busted free from the usual mechanisms of the organic structure. It has the capableness to multiply to other organic structure parts every bit good as to the lungs, castanetss, and liver. Breast Cancer: It is a malignant neoplastic disease that starts in the tissues of the chest. Endometrial malignant neoplastic disease: It develops when the cells that make up the interior liner of the uterus become unnatural and grows uncontrollably and it is the 4th most general type of malignant neoplastic disease between adult females and the most general gynecologic malignant neoplastic disease. Kidney malignant neoplastic disease: It forms in tissues of the kidneys. It includes nephritic cell carcinoma and nephritic pelvic girdle carcinoma. It besides includes Wilms tumour, which is a type of kidney malignant neoplastic disease that on a regular basis develops in kids under the age of 5. Leukemia: It starts in the tissue that forms blood. Lung malignant neoplastic disease: It is a consequence from a defect in the cell. Normally, the organic structure maintains a method of cheques and balances on cell growing so that cells split to make new cells merely when new cells are needed. Melanoma: It is a type of skin malignant neoplastic disease. It begins in cells in the tegument called melanocytes. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: It starts in cells called lymph cells, which are portion of the organic structure ‘s immune system. Lymphocytes are in the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease: It begins in the tissues of your pancreas which is an organ in your venters that lies directly to the rear of the lower portion of your belly. The pancreas secretes enzymes that aid digestion and endocrines that aid control the metamorphosis of sugars. Prostate malignant neoplastic disease: It is a barbarous tumour that consists of cells from the prostate secretory organ. Normally, the tumour grows easy and remains restricted to the secretory organ for many old ages. Throughout this clip, the tumour produces little or no symptoms.The Causes of CancerThe followers are the most normally known causes of malignant neoplastic disease. Tobacco: Harmonizing to the Nationwide Cancer Institute, smoking causes 30 % of all malignant neoplastic disease deceases in the U.S. and is to fault for 87 % of instances of lung malignant neoplastic disease. Not merely does it hold an consequence on the lungs, it can besides do kidney, pancreatic, cervical, and tummy malignant neoplastic diseases and acute myeloid leukaemia. Geneticss: It can play a big undertaking in malignant neoplastic disease addition. If you have a household record of malignant neoplastic disease, for illustration chest malignant neoplastic disease, taking extra safety steps is important. When malignant neoplastic disease is familial, a mutated Deoxyribonucleic acid can be passed down. Familial trials are offered for many familial malignant neoplastic diseases. Keep in head that if you have a household record of malignant neoplastic disease, it does non intend you will hold it. You merely have a greater opportunity of making it. Environmental Factors: The milieus you are in can do malignant neoplastic disease. Surveies have revealed that people who are exposed to high measure of benzine are at menace for malignant neoplastic disease. It is a chemical originated by gasolene, smoke, and pollution. Sun Exposure: Skin malignant neoplastic disease is caused by contact with the UV beams of the Sun. Sunburn or a sunburn is genuinely the consequence of cell harm caused by the Sun.The Prevention of CancerThe followers are the most known ways of forestalling malignant neoplastic diseaseAvoid Smoking and Exposure to SmokeSmoke is the most of import malignant neoplastic disease menace that we can cut down. It is to fault non merely for lung malignant neoplastic disease, but many other types of malignant neoplastic disease. One of the finest ways to avoid malignant neoplastic disease is to halt smoke or ne'er get down. The blink of an eye you quit your organic structure reaps the benefits of being tobacco-free.Practice Sun Safety and Recognize When Skin Changes OccurSkin malignant neoplastic disease is the most ordinary type of malignant neoplastic disease between work forces and adult females, and it accounts for about half of all malignant neoplastic disease diagnosing. The first measu re in forestalling skin malignant neoplastic disease is to remain off from UV beam contact. We can make this by have oning sunblock, avoiding noontime Sun, have oning defensive apparels when exterior, and by remaining off from tanning beds. Eat Your Fruits and Vegetables A well-balanced diet is helpful in many ways. A diet loaded with fruits and veggies to a great extent reduces the opportunity of developing malignant neoplastic disease and many other fortunes. Fruits and veggies hold antioxidants, which help repair our injury cells. Green, orange and xanthous fruits and veggies are the greatest opportunity to assist avoid malignant neoplastic disease. Surveies besides explain that dark fruits, like blueberries and grapes, may besides hold anti-cancer belongingss. Limit Red Meat and Animal Fat Several surveies explain that a diet high in carnal fat increases the danger of many types of malignant neoplastic disease, chiefly colon malignant neoplastic disease. Red meat holds much more fat than biddy and fish, so dropping the measure of ruddy meat in your diet may help to halt malignant neoplastic disease. A diet high in fat besides is chief cause of fleshiness, which is a menace for many types of malignant neoplastic disease. Restrict Your Alcohol Intake Devouring excessively much sums of intoxicant frequently increases the menace for several types of malignant neoplastic disease. Surveies propose that work forces who drink two alcoholic drinks per twenty-four hours and adult females who have one alcoholic imbibe per twenty-four hours well add to the menace for certain types of malignant neoplastic disease.Exercise for Cancer PreventionThe American Cancer Society advises exerting 30 proceedingss a twenty-four hours, at least 5 yearss a hebdomad for malignant neoplastic disease turning away. Exercise does n't hold to bespeak go forthing for the gym to raise weights. There are plentifulness of ways to acquire exercising into your twenty-four hours.Know what you ‘re being exposed to in Your Work EnvironmentChemicals in the topographic point of work may add to the menace of increasing many types of malignant neoplastic disease, plus kidney malignant neoplastic disease and vesica malignant neoplastic disease. Get Screened for Cancer Regularly Cancer testing trials can be helpful non merely for happening malignant neoplastic disease, but besides assisting halt it. Screening trials similar to the colonoscopy and Pap smear can observe unusual cellular alterations before they become cancerous.The Treatments for CancerThe followers are the most common interventions for malignant neoplastic disease Chemotherapy: It is the common term for any remedy refering the usage of chemical agents to forestall malignant neoplastic disease cells from increasing. It can acquire rid of malignant neoplastic disease cells at great distances from the original malignant neoplastic disease. Therefore, it is considered a systemic intervention. More than half of all people diagnosed with malignant neoplastic disease are given chemotherapy. For 1000000s of people, it helps handle their malignant neoplastic disease successfully, leting them to profit from full, originative lives. Radiation Therapy: It uses high-energy radiation to minimise tumours and kill malignant neoplastic disease cells. X raies, gamma beams, and charged atoms are types of radiation used for malignant neoplastic disease remedy. The radiation may be delivered by a device outside the organic structure, or it may come from radioactive affair located in the organic structure near malignant neoplastic disease cells. It uses radioactive substances, for case radioactive I, that pass through in the blood to kill malignant neoplastic disease cells. About half of all malignant neoplastic disease patients are given some type of radiation therapy sometime during the class of their remedy. Cryosurgery: It is the usage of utmost cold formed by liquid N to pulverize unusual tissue. It is used to handle external tumours, for case those on the tegument. For exterior tumours, liquid N is applied straight to the malignant neoplastic disease cells with a cotton swab or spraying device. Cryosurgery is besides used to handle tumours inside the organic structure. For internal tumours, liquid N or Ar gas is spread through an empty device called a call investigation, which is placed in contact with the tumour. The physician uses ultrasound or MRI to direct the call investigation and detect the freeze of the cells, therefore restricting injury to shut by strong tissue. A ball of ice crystals forms around the investigation, stop deading close by cells. Sometimes more than one investigation is used to direct the liquid N to different parts of the tumour. The investigations may be put into the tumour during surgery or through the tegument. After cryosurgery, the frozen tissue melt and is either of course absorbed by the organic structure, or it dissolves and forms an outer bed.

Major Depressive Disorder Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Major Depressive Disorder - Assignment Example All messages, from one neuron to another, transmit through electrical impulses and move in one direction. While impulses emerging from the dendrites, they transmit to the cell body, further to the axon and then to adjacent neurons. Dendrites then notice messages from other neurons and carries signals forward. Axons are insulated by a myelin sheath made up of protein and fat essentially to prevent the short circuiting of messages (Kandel et al., 2000).The space between two neurons called synapse is filled with chemical called neurotransmitters. When an impulse reaches to a terminal button via axon, the terminal button releases a chemical known as neurotransmitter. Thus, neurotransmitters act as a carrier taking messages to a dendrite of a receiving neuron across the synapse. That means within a neuron messages transmit through electrical impulses while between the neurons communication takes place through a chemical mode. It is important to note that not all neurons receive the chemic al mode of communication and different kinds of neurotransmitter differ in their ability to fit at receptor site of neuron. That means communication can take place only when a neurotransmitter fits into a receptor site perfectly. When the message received by the neuron is of excitatory type then neuron fires from its resting state. Thus neurotransmitter is an important link between the person's nervous system and his or her behavior (Kandel et al., 2000). Different kinds of neurons conduct specialized jobs and the mirror neurons are one of them.

Race and My Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Race and My Community - Essay Example Although I don't look different, the fact that I am not a pure Chinese makes some people stop and think, and depending on their personal experience, they adjust their behavior towards us. My community is a pretty mixed up place, but I don't mean we are confused. No, there may be few of mixed Japanese-Chinese ancestry as I am, but the neighborhood is crawling with people from different parts of the country who have come to the capital, where I live, in order to study, find work, or stay with their families. This is how race becomes an issue, something that one would not expect from an island nation such as ours, but it does. Contrary to popular belief, not all the Chinese are of the same race. Neither are all the Asians of the same race. The label "Asian American" in countries like the United States says a lot about the confusion of the racialized Western mind that thinks that we are all the same race. We can be as white as the Japanese and the Koreans or as dark as Indians or Pakistanis or Arabs. My being half-Japanese just makes the classification more exciting. I enjoy the care and attention I get from people who think I am not the same as they are, but I also suffer when others think that I don't belong, since I am neither pure Chinese nor pure Japanese, but this is something I have learned to adapt to since I was small, and when my friends learn more about me, they adapt. That is why they are my friends: we have many things in common, but also many things that are different. Our community leaders are open to us. They are helpful and are doing a good job with everyone regardless of color or ethnic origin, because most of them are also immigrants from other parts of the country. I think this is what education and moving out of your place of birth does to people. You learn quickly that even a small country like mine is really a big place where all of us can live happily together. I wish I could say the same thing of leaders in other communities. A friend from another part of town was just telling me that their leader, who happened to have migrated from the south of the country many decades ago, was discriminating against immigrants from other regions and favoring those from his town. I don't think that is right. I think a leader should treat people the same way a parent would treat their children. Help the kids grow up and learn, because life in this world is not easy. After thinking about it, I think racialization - the construction of racially unequal social hierarchies characterized by dominant and subordinate social relations between groups (Marable, 2004)- works both ways. Others find it useful to support their own hidden intentions, which can be good or bad. This is why it is good because people become more educated and sensitive on this issue so that there is less racialization in society. But it is also bad, because we might reach a point when we become paralyzed by racialization that life stops becoming fun. One example I can cite, which is related to information by or about people like me that can be found in texts or work manuals, is the impression people get when they see a strange name as the author of something, a speech, article, or a book.

International Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

International Human Resource Management - Essay Example According to Greg J Bamber, R. D (2004) he provides that this knowledge facilitates the functioning of key major organizational learning tools (Bamber 2004). Therefore, from this it can be argued that firms that successfully make use of tacit skills and knowledge can develop organizational learning strategy that ensures that knowledge and skills among the employees is spread through the organization. This improves the overall performance needed for firm’s improvement because more experienced workers can share their knowledge and skills with new employees. Therefore Multinational companies incorporate in their workplace systems, structures and processes. This is aimed for the achievement of multinational flexibility, global efficiency and worldwide learning (Bamber 2004). Japanese firms in the recent years have become of the most performing firms in the world enabling the Japanese economy become third largest economy and second largest developed in the world respectively. It is notable that these firms have realized these achievements attributed to their unique model of organizational learning that is largely adopted in Japan. According to Benson, J. and Debroux, P, (2004) the concept of organizational learning is one of the key major focuses in the Japanese organizational model (Debroux 2004). This focus and emphasis has enabled these firms to effectively make use of the tacit skills and knowledge of employees for their organizational learning purposes compared to other firms in other economies. Tacit knowledge is basically the gained knowledge by employees in organizations through the relevant experience and education that they explicitly not aware of. Tacit knowledge plays a significant role in the overall performance of the firm enhanced by an ap propriate organizational learning model. Japanese firms through its organizational models majorly in the human resource have

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Microeconomics - Essay Example Obviously, from the economic point of view, the higher the quantity and then the higher the price associated with each, the higher the revenue. This makes sense, because increasing the pricing for the linked quantity can remarkably improve revenue growth. On the other hand, this is not the usual case in the real world. There is also a case by which the revenue will fall, after increasing the price. If on the other hand, the students are not willing to pay for an increase tuition fee at NSU, they may also consider the possibility of going to an alternative University with at least lower or affordable tuition fees. This means that increasing the tuition at NSU will definitely decrease the number of enrolees in the semester. This leads to the possibility of lower revenue even if the tuition is set a bit higher this time. If the number of enrolees significantly dropped down until to the point that the revenue is highly affected, then increasing the tuition is not going to be a good idea. The revenue will remain the same, provided that there are students who still enrol at the NSU, and others considering the other universities. If at some point, the number of students who enrolled at NSU will be at least lower from the previous, but when the amount of tuition increase will still compensate the amount of revenue at the past, then this is the case that the NSU will most likely to have the same revenue, but then the number of students must have been significantly reduced at some point. If students are still enrolling at NSU despite higher tuition, the university must have significant assets that the students cannot just simply eliminate. The university might have sound and standard quality of education or excellent service performance that the students will now be hesitant to change their university. In other words, they cannot find substitute that might be as excellent as

Take home exam. 3 cases not to be more then 6 total pages Essay

Take home exam. 3 cases not to be more then 6 total pages - Essay Example 10 (par. 1)2, of the Constitution.3 The Court’s majority opinion (delivered by Chief Justice Taney) found for the defendants (Warren Bridge proprietors). After first citing the relevant language in Court’s prior holding in Satterlee v. Matthewson (27 U.S. 380, 1829)—â€Å"If the State law is said to be retrospective, be it so. But retrospective laws which do not impair the obligation of contracts or partake of the character of ex post facto laws are not condemned or forbidden by any part of the instrument [Constitution of the United States] (Id., at 413)†Ã¢â‚¬â€and admitting quite candidly that the free passage character of the Warren Bridge had rendered the Charles River Bridge franchise of no value, stated that nonetheless the complainants’ saw â€Å"None of the faculties or franchises granted to that corporation †¦ revoked by the Legislature, and its right to take tolls granted by the charter remains unaltered [36 U.S. 430, at 549].† Of greater import than the specifics of the case in question was the thinking of the Court on the implications of a decision in favor of the complainants. Chief Justice Taney addressed these in a series of rhetorical questions and answers. â€Å"And what would be the fruits of this doctrine of implied contracts on the part of the states and of property in a line of travel by a corporation if it were now sanctioned by the Court? To what results would it lead us to? If it is to be found in the charter to this bridge, the same process of reasoning must discover it in the various acts which have been passed within the last forty years for turnpike companies. And what is to be the extent of the privileges of exclusion on the different sides of the road†¦ The millions of property which have been invested in railroads and canals upon lines of travel will be put in jeopardy [Id., at 552].† Justice Story argued in dissent. While he detailed a number of points at

The great debaters Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The great debaters - Assignment Example debate team proved to be a reflection of black sentiment at that time; with each of them having unique experiences and goals, all were united for the cause of racial equality and an end to racial discrimination. Washington’s The Great Debaters highlights with the Wiley Debate Team facing the Harvard Debate Team, with the former winning the debate, although racial slur continues to haunt them back home despite their victory. Their coach, Melvin B. Tolson, symbolizes the need for action beyond education, with him balancing the complexions being a college professor and a tenant farmer organizer at the same time. Meanwhile, James Farmer represents the unique struggle of black adolescents in the 30’s, balancing the act between puppy love and ambition with a growing outrage against racial discrimination. Samantha Booke also displays the unique struggle of black women, carrying the double burden of gender and racial discrimination. Hamilton Burgess also shows the contradictions of the struggle, with his family not approving the growing radicalism of

Math Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Math - Essay Example ) accounted for a fifth of homicides and gang killings accounted for one twentieth. About a third were of unknown motive and the other 10% were miscellaneous motives (Best n.d.). One third of all victims know their attacker well enough to get into an argument with them. Felonies, gang related deaths, and other unknown motives make up the reason for all homicides. This does not include just the death penalty cases, but all homicides. The death penalty varies from state to state, but death penalty cases have certain criteria. Table 1 shows the exact criteria for each state. The victims must be killed during a felony in most cases. This would include robberies, rape, or drug related homicides. The pro death penalty advocates always give the statistics portraying the victims in the most sympathetic light, with the murderer in the worst light. These statistics are used to show how bad death row inmates can be. This should be a given. Only people that are criminals commit homicides during a felony. These facts are given to scare people into becoming pro death penalty. These statistics can be manipulated for the anti death penalty individuals. Out of the homicides 91.6% are first time murderers ¸ 95.1% were not incarcerated or escaped from incarceration, and so forth. Statistics are only as good as the source they come from. Anti death penalty advocates always give statistics giving race and education levels of death row inmates. Blacks are considered to be more likely to get the death penalty. This makes the death penalty racists. The facts are only 37% of blacks compared to 57% of whites are executed (The Death Penalty in the U.S. 2008). Current death row statistics show 45% white and 42% black. Race is an emotional issue. This is due to Jim Crow laws in the South. For many years white juries would not convict a white man of killing a black, but black men would be executed for the same crime on whites. This is where the myth that more black men is

Revenue Recognition Essay Example for Free

Revenue Recognition Essay The revenue recognition principle is a foundation of accrual accounting and one of the main principles of GAAP. The revenue recognition principle is a set of guidelines that helps accountants to identify when a revenue event has taken place and how to appropriately record cash exchanges before, during, and after the revenue event. According to the revenue recognition principal, revenue must (1) be realized or realizable and (2) earned, in order to be recognized. According to the SEC revenue is realized when (1) Persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (2) Delivery has occurred or services have been rendered, (3) The seller’s price to the buyer is fixed or determinable, and (4) Collectability is reasonably assured. It is essential for the users of financial statements to know that the real revenues are recorded and disclosed and not fraudulent revenues. A constraint of GAAP that is relevant to the revenue recognition principle is the materiality principle. Fraudulent revenues will create misstatements that could have a material effect on the decisions of financial statement users. In 2002, WorldCom a telecommunication company, filed for bankruptcy. It was later revealed that the company was involved with improper accounting in two major forms. First WorldCom inflated revenues to increase profits, thereby increasing stock prices, and increasing the satisfaction of stakeholders. Second, the company understated line costs. Revenue is important to users of financial statements because it helps them evaluate a company’s performance and prospects. WorldCom violated the revenue recognition principle by creating an account that did not come from the operating activities of the company’s sales channel. WorldCom named this fictitious schedule corporate unallocated account. This action was unethical and illegal, and gave the company a very bad reputation. According to paragraph 25 of PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5, because of its importance to effective internal control over financial reporting, the auditor must evaluate the control environment at the company. As part of evaluating the control environment, the auditor should assess the following, †¢Does managements philosophy and operating style promote effective internal control over financial reporting? Has the company developed sound integrity and ethical values, and more importantly, do all employees understand these values, particularly top management? †¢Does the Board or audit committee understands and exercises oversight responsibility over financial reporting and internal control? The control environment is what sets the tone for an organization and is the foundation for all other components of internal control. It provides discipline and structure and reflects the ethical values, integrity and competencies of the organization. The control environment is very important to effective internal control over financial reporting to an audit client like WorldCom, because good designs can prevent and detect frauds and errors. But because WorldCom had such a poor control environment, the company would require more testing for an audit. This shows that the board did not exercise oversight responsibilities over financial reporting or internal controls. According to PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5 paragraphs 26 27, the top-side adjusting journal entries are when the executives record the entries, or when the accountants are asked by the executives to record the entries. A valid use of top-side journal entries is to allocate income or expenses from a parent company to its subsidiaries. However, top-side adjustments can also be used to improperly reduce liability accounts and increase revenue or decrease expenses. Companies undergoing mergers, acquisitions or restructuring are particularly susceptible to the fraudulent misuse of top-side journal entries. Necessary evidence to obtain include sales invoices, credit memos, customer master file list, analytical procedures, and accounting systems. In the auditing of WorldCom, we would require adjusting journal entries, the MonRev spreadsheets detailing revenue, the corporate unallocated schedule, the automated process for closing and consolidating operational revenue numbers, and propriety of a top-side journal entry made to their revenue account. We would also need the authorization of the CFO or any officers. Good ethics is very significant for an organization. When ethical dilemmas are not recognized there could be serious consequences that could lead to imprisonment. In addition, a company will lose its reputation instantly. Assuming that Lorenzo and Taranto knew that the entries being proposed by Scott Sullivan were fraudulent they should not have recorded the journal entries as they were directed. If WorldCom had a control environment where it took more than three employees to conspire to commit such a large fraud, and where the board checked on the corporate adjusting entries, this could have been prevented. Employees should be trained and guided by a code of ethics and observed with appropriate influences for violation

Sociological Concepts In Understanding Obesity

Sociological Concepts In Understanding Obesity This essay will look at sociological concepts and concerns that can help in understanding why obesity is a public health problem. I will begin by giving a definition of obesity, and then address the public health concerns of obesity in relation to sociological concepts such as socioeconomic status, ethnicity and stigma. I will make reference to obesity health inequalities throughout this essay. Relevant contemporary literature and policies will be used to support my arguments. Background Obesity is defined as excessive fat accumulation that may impair health world Health Organisation (WHO). Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of weight-for-height that is commonly used in classifying obesity in individuals. It is defined as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2). BMI provides the most useful population-level measure of obesity as it is the same for both sexes and for all ages of adults (Doak et al 2002). In actual figures the World Health Organization (WHO) defines overweight as a BMI equal to or more than 25, and obesity as a BMI equal to or more than 30. These cut-off points provide a benchmark for individual assessment, but there is evidence that risk of chronic disease in the populations increases progressively from a BMI of 21. Ellaway et al (2005) argues however that (BMI) should be considered as a rough guide because it may not correspond to the same degree in different individuals. In 2004, the average body mass index (BMI) of men and women in the United Kingdom was 27kg/m ², which is outside the World Health Organisation recommended healthy range of 18.5-25kg/m2 (Lobstein Jackson-Leach 2007). A greater proportion of men than women (42% compared with 32%) in England were classified as overweight in 2008 (BMI 25 to less than 30kg/m2). Thirty-nine per cent of adults had a raised waist circumference in 2008 compared to 23% in 1993. Women were more likely than men (44% and 34% respectively) to have a raised waist circumference (over 88cm for women and over 102 cm for men) (Department of Health, 2008). Several government documents have emphasised the fact that obesity is a major public health problem due to its association with serious chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension high levels of fats in the blood that can lead to narrowing and blockages of blood vessels, which are all major risk factors for cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular related mortality in England and Wales (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2006). Over weight individuals suffer from a number of problems, such as an increased wear and tear on joints and the psychological and social difficulties caused by altered body image and stigma such as depression which in turn increases the health burden of the National Health Service (NHS) Graham (2004). The increase in numbers of obese people means that the population is at a higher risk of suffering from co-morbidities as a result of their weight gain. Many writers have made a link between people with high BMI and health for instance, people with high BMI are likely to suffer from hypertension and twice as likely to suffer from type- two diabetes and obesity compared to people without hypertension, and half are insulin-resistant (Lobstein Jackson-Leach 2007). One can therefore infer that obesity is linked with increased mortality and contributes to a wide range of conditions, including ischaemic heart disease, hypertension, stroke, certain cancers, and gall bladder diseases. Risk of disease grows with increasing BMI and is particularly marked at high BMI (Ellaway et al 1997). Consequently this is a public health concern because in economic terms, a lowering of the rates of CVD, cancer and strokes would result in significant reductions in the amount spent on drugs and social care r equired to manage these diseases and their effects (Ellaway et al 1997). Socioeconomic Status and Obesity Socioeconomic inequality in obesity is defined as differences in the prevalence of obesity between people of higher and lower socioeconomic status (Mackenbach and Kunst 1994). A large body of evidence suggests that socioeconomic differences in obesity exist throughout the world Sobal and Stunkard (1989). These findings suggest that the increase in inequality in income recently observed in many countries including Bulgaria, Poland, Romania and the Russia may be associated with an increase in the burden of obesity. Midtown Manhattan Study was one of the first to highlight socioeconomic differences in obesity; it found that obesity was six times more prevalent among women of lower socioeconomic status than those of higher socioeconomic status (Mackenbach and Kunst 1994). James et al (1997) found that people in high socioeconomic status in the United Kingdom, have a reduced risk of obesity compared to those with low socioeconomic status. Socioeconomic status and obesity is a public health concern because among children and adults in high-income countries such as the United Kingdom, lower education level and socioeconomic status have been associated with different markers of poor diet potentially associated with obesity, including lower consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables and higher intake of sugar, fat and meat (Northstone and Emmett 2005). Mulvihill (2003) asserts that population groups dietary choices of are often related to socioeconomic considerations. McKee and Raine (2005) suggest that major factors influencing food choices include affordability, accessibility, availability, attractiveness, appropriateness and practicality. This makes sense to me in that people of low socioeconomic status are likely to be obese because for them they cannot always afford to buy fresh fruits vegetables have gym membership as this is expensive. Some proponents have gone as far as saying that the poor do not eat what they wan t, or what they know they should eat, but what they can afford (Wardle and Griffith 2001). One could infer that the cost of food is one barrier to adopting healthier diets, especially among low-income households. Studies have suggested that high energy food which are usually nutritionally poor because of high amounts of added sugar and fat are relatively cheaper cost than lean meat, fish, fresh vegetables and fruit (Doak et al 2002). On the other side of the coin theoretically one can argue that it not only diet and health and affordability of food that makes people obese, for instance for argument sake one could not afford to buy healthy food but can exercise take up a activity to keep themselves fit. The reality however is that people low socioeconomic status are likely to be in low income employment where they are likely to work long hours in overtime and have little time with their families or for leisure activities (Scambler 2008) This is consistent with McKee and Raine (2005) finding that individuals from low socioeconomic status make personal other choices over diet, physical activity and other health promoting action, in practice all actions happen in context disadvantaged individuals face structural, social, organisational, financial and other constraints in making healthy choices. In addition McLaren and Godley (2008) observed that men in sedentary jobs although one would assume that nature of these job s that drives the larger average body size (due to lack of occupation-based physical activity) existing literature would indicate that they are still more likely than their lower status counterparts to engage in physical activity in their leisure time. Other sociological concerns regarding socioeconomic status is whether they are any variations in how individuals with different socioeconomic status perceive obesity or overweight. For instance, analyses from the Office of National Statistics (ONS) (1999) survey showed that many respondents with lower socioeconomic status tended to have lower levels of perceived overweight, thus individuals monitor their weight less closely, were less likely to be trying to lose weight and less frequently used restrictive dietary practices than those with higher socioeconomic status, after adjusting for sex, age and BMI. Wardle and Griffith (2001) found that, women living in highly affluent neighbourhoods were more likely to be dissatisfied with their weight than women from deprived neighbourhoods. Women, particularly those in disadvantaged situations, face structural, social, organisational, financial and other constraints in making healthy choices. Secondly poorer neighbourhoods provide fewer oppor tunity structures for health promoting activities than more affluent areas (Ellaway et al 1997). These findings make it very difficult for professional to decide how to target health promotion activities. Ellaway et al (1997)argues that people who low socioeconomic status focus on the basic issues of survival, whether these be financial including purchasing food at all, let alone healthy sources or social including battling the stigma of poverty and/or overweight and all that is related to it. In my view this suggests that it may be plausible to conclude that where someone lives what socioeconomic status they have and how much they earn can influence his or her opportunities to undertake health promoting activities which in turn may influence body size and shape. Public health policies which aim to reduce the proportion of overweight people in the population should be targeted in deprived local areas, and their facilities and amenities, as well as at individuals (Ellaway et al 1997) . Obesity and ethnicity A great deal of confusion surrounds the meaning of ethnicity and in some cases this term is still being Inter-changeable with race (Scambler 2007). Ethnicity however embodies one or more of the following, shared origins or social background; shared culture and traditions that are distinctive, maintained between generations, and lead to a sense of identity and group; and a common language or religious tradition (Bhopal 2009). There is also repeated evidence of social disparities in the prevalence of obesity and overweight. Data from national surveys paint a consistent picture where women, individuals of lower socio-economic position and minority racial/ethnic groups have the highest rates of obesity and overweight (Bhopal 1998). Links have been made why disparities exist in the prevalence of obesity especially among disadvantaged ethnic minority groups. Henderson and Kelly (2005) suggest that these disparities exists because of inequalities in the society they argue that people with more knowledge, money, power, prestige and beneficial social connections are better able to control weight gain, either through the ability to make healthy food choices (by having greater awareness of, access to, and resources to purchase healthy foods), or through greater opportunities for exercise, and safe play. I agree with this, in my view there is numerous evidence to show that ethnic groups are disadvantaged in term of income, socioeconomic status and employment, the point above suggest to me that ethnic minorities are less likely to have money prestige and social connects that (Henderson and Kelly 2005) suggest will lower the risk of obesity. This view is supported by Sniderman et al (2007) who found no disparities in prevalence of obesity among ethnic groups when he factored in adjustments of socioeconomic status and income. Black ethnic groups have a significantly higher risk of obesity than those in Mixed, Asian, Other and White ethnic groups (Ellaway et al 1997). Children living in deprived areas have a higher risk of obesity than those living in less deprived areas. However, the increased risk associated with deprivation is greatest for White children, whereas it seems to have much less of an effect for black children. For Asian, Other, and Mixed ethnic children deprivation increases the risk of obesity, but not as much as for White children (Ellaway et al 1997). In my opinion however the measuring of BMI to determine and compare obesity between various ethnic groups remains very sketchy. For example Sniderman et al (2007) asserts that in various sections of the population, the BMI classification is not generally applicable. For instance in when looking at children, the elderly and when comparing ethnic groups. Seidell and Visscher (2000) found that there were some systematic variations in normal BMI across ethnic groups in some Asian populations a particular BMI equates to a higher percentage of body fat than for the same BMI in a white European population. In these Asian populations, the risks of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease increase at a BMI below the standard cut-off value of 25 kg/m2. In other populations, such as black populations, the opposite is true and a particular BMI corresponds to a lower percentage of body fat and consequently lower risks of morbidity and mortality than in a white European population. When comparing obesity in different ethnic groups. Seidell and Visscher (2000) suggest that using a more different definition such as waist to hip ratio rather than standard BMI. Obesity and Stigma Physical deviance has been conceptualised as a stigma by Goffman (1963) defines as any attribute that is deeply discrediting to an individual. In addition to what he calls the abominations of the body or the physical deformities, he lists the tribal stigmas of race, religion, and social class, and what he calls the blemishes of individual character, such as mental illness, addiction, alcoholism, and homosexuality (DeJong, 1980). Goffman (1963) argues that individuals who possess a spoiled identity as a result of their stigma, the consequences can be severe, regardless of the particular nature of the stigma. Although a bit extreme people with stigmatised conditions are viewed as not quite human and are subject to discrimination and outright rejection or avoidance (DeJong, 1980). As a result, the stigmatised learn to continually monitor their self-presentation and to consciously devise strategies of interaction. In spite of those efforts, however, a stigma can continue to intrude itsel f into the interaction, and its possessors may come to feel that their identity is strictly defined in terms of it (DeJong, 1980). On the other hand all the above writers fail to list obesity among the physical stigmata. There is a certain irony in that fact, for some have argued that the obese are subject to a particularly severe degree of ridicule, humiliation, and discrimination. I would argue that perhaps Goffman (1963) and (DeJong, 1980) did not include obesity as in that time being obese held different stature in the society than it does now, for example wealth and physical presents. Secondly I would infer that research into the links of obesity and health were not widely publicised as they do now. Some Scambler (2008) takes a functionalists view that those who possess certain discredited conditions that result in stigma have acquired their deviant status through the commission of deviant acts. In this day and age obesity is seen by some as a discredited condition, this normally results in ideas that obese people are responsible for their condition, in other words they have put themselves in that condition. DeJong (1980) agrees with this notion that people that possess stigmatising conditions are almost always seen as having responsibility for acquiring and controlling their deviant status. Wright (1960) contrasts this by stressing that individuals with a physical stigma are not usually held personally responsible for their condition. Nonetheless in terms of obesity this works both ways the genetic component that the stigmatised individual has no control or responsibility no matter how much dieting and exercise he or she does, and the self inflicted individual who is seen to stuff t hemselves with fatty foods. Wright (1960) suggests that most physical attributes of the body are viewed as determined by genetic and environmental forces beyond an individuals personal control. Quintessentially in the case of obesity observations have frequently been noted to be extremely negative toward the obese, this seems to arise from the belief that obesity is caused by self indulgence, gluttony, or laziness. In short, the obese do seem to be held personally responsible for their physical condition (DeJong, 1980). Obese individuals are commonly blamed for their excess weight, are socially disliked, and are the targets of pervasive negative stereotypes such as having a lack of self-discipline (Puhl and Brownell 2001). Obese people are highly stigmatised and face different forms of discrimination and prejudice because of their weight (Brownell et al 2005). Stigma and obesity is a public health concern as Puhl and Brownell (2001) found that health-care professionals (physicians, nurses, psychologists, and medical students) possess negative attitudes toward obese people. They suggest that obese people are not only stigmatised by the society but by the health professional that are meant to deliver help to them. A study of British healthcare professionals found that providers perceived overweight people to have reduced self-esteem, sexual attractiveness, and health. Healthcare professionals believed that physical inactivity, overeating, food addiction, and personality characteristics were the most important causes of overweight (Puhl and Brownell 2001). Attitudes obese people amongst healthcare professionals is a major public health concern in that it sometimes influences how this group excess health given the fact that they are a high risk population in terms of more prevalence to a number of physical health issues. Puhl and Heuer (2009) found that obese patients who experience stigma in health-care settings may delay or forgo essential preventive care. Mitchell et al (2008) discovered in their study that obese individuals are less likely to undergo screenings for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer for women with a BMI greater than 55 kg/m2, 68% reported that they delayed seeking health care because of their weight, and 83% reported that their weight was a barrier to getting appropriate health care. When asked about specific reasons for delaying care, women reported disrespectful treatment and negative attitudes from health professionals, embarrassment about being weighed, receiving unsolicited advice to lose weight, and gowns , exam tables, and other equipment being too small to be functional. Removing the stigma-related barriers to receiving screenings may help to diminish the relationship between excess body weight and mortalities (Mitchell et al 2008). Puhl and Heuer (2009) argues that and I am convinced by their view that disapproval by the society leaves overweight and obese individuals vulnerable to social injustice, unfair treatment, and impaired quality of life as a result of substantial disadvantages and stigma. Crawley (2004) found in his study that among females, a negative correlation between body weight and wages. He argues the explanation is that obesity lowers wages; for example, by lowering productivity or because of work placed discrimination, secondly is that low wages cause obesity. Conclusion Where someone lives what socioeconomic status they have and how much they earn can influence the choices they make about their health. Ethnic disparities in the prevalence of obesity still exist in the United Kingdom. Sociological concepts can assist us in understanding how to deal with obesity given known link between poor diets during pregnancy is a risk factor for low birth weight, which in turn has been associated with abdominal obesity in adulthood Crawley (2004).

Aboriginies :: miscellaneous

Aboriginies Question: The British settlers were justifiedin declaring Australia to be terra nulius? Were the British settlers justified in declaring Australia terra nulius? The British bought a lot of things to Australia by declaring it terra nulius, such as they took the land of the Aborigines; they introduced Australia to houses, farms, clothes and money. The British decided that the Aborigines weren’t living there or didn’t have a government before they checked the evidence, and they tried to replace the Aboriginal rules and culture with their own rules and cultures. The British took the land that the Aborigines had lived on for hundreds of years off of them because they didn’t believe that the Aborigines could live there if they kept moving around. The Aborigines moved around so that they could go to a new place with food so they could live. They would circle around their tribes land and in a year or two when they returned to a place that they had left all the tree and fruit would have re grown and the animals around that area would have had time to reproduce. So the Aborigines did not need or wish to stay in one place all the time. When the British introduced houses, farms and a money system to Australia, the Aborigines didn’t need or want any of these things. The British might have thought that they were doing the right thing by introducing them, but they only thought about what they would want, not the Aborigines. The Aborigines culture went down hill after they were made to wear clothes or live wear they were told to and be surrounded by fences. The Aborigines had to re adjust to everything that was going on around them, and while they did that the British took away their culture and gave them theirs. The British claimed that Australia was terra nulius before checking the facts about it. The Aborigines had elders which were the government for the different tribes, but the British either didn’t care or didn’t recognise that they had always been their. The British bought in their own government that they thought would help but really they didn’t help that Aborigines in any way, only the British settlers. The only way the government did help that Aborigines with was the punishment if a British settler did anything to an Aborigine, but like today, the law didn’t always work out and some of the guilty got away.

Individual Liberty Versus Majoritarian Democracy in Edward Larson’s Sum

Individual Liberty Versus Majoritarian Democracy in Edward Larson’s Summer For the Gods The Scopes trial, writes Edward Larson, to most Americans embodies â€Å"the timeless debate over science and religion.† (265) Written by historians, judges, and playwrights, the history of the Scopes trial has caused Americans to perceive â€Å"the relationship between science and religion in . . . simple terms: either Darwin or the Bible was true.† (265) The road to the trial began when Tennessee passed the Butler Act in 1925 banning the teaching of evolution in secondary schools. It was only a matter of time before a young biology teacher, John T. Scopes, prompted by the ACLU tested the law. Spectators and newspapermen came from allover to witness whether science or religion would win the day. Yet below all the hype, the trial had a deeper meaning. In Summer for the Gods, Edward Larson argues that a more significant battle was waged between individual liberty and majoritarian democracy. Even though the rural fundamentalist majority legally banned teaching evolution i n 1925, the rise of modernism, started long before the trial, raised a critical question for rural Americans: should they publicly impose their religious beliefs upon individuals who believed more and more in science. Larson divides his account into three sections: before, during, and after. The first section carefully exposes the political struggle over individual rights hidden in the debate between science and religion. What emerge are the political views of the two opposing parties: William Jennings Bryan and the ACLU. William Jennings Bryan’s adherence to fundamental Christianity and creationism was only one part of his politics. He also believed that the state had a duty to ... ...e and technology with their religious beliefs. Summer for the Gods profoundly contributes to the scholarship of progressivism. The role of experts, legal reform, majoritarian democracy, modernism, and individual rights were all part of the progressive movement. The Scopes trial is the perfect test case to show how these progressive tenets were not coherently driving toward a single societal goal. William Jennings Bryan could claim to be a progressive as much as the leaders of the ACLU. Religion and science became the sticking points between progressives like Bryan who believed in majority rule and the ACLU whose very adherence to science and experts pushed them to favor individual freedom. While science lost the trial to religion, Larson shows how a fundamental shift to modernism produced the rise of individual rights and the decline of majoritarian democracy. Individual Liberty Versus Majoritarian Democracy in Edward Larson’s Sum Individual Liberty Versus Majoritarian Democracy in Edward Larson’s Summer For the Gods The Scopes trial, writes Edward Larson, to most Americans embodies â€Å"the timeless debate over science and religion.† (265) Written by historians, judges, and playwrights, the history of the Scopes trial has caused Americans to perceive â€Å"the relationship between science and religion in . . . simple terms: either Darwin or the Bible was true.† (265) The road to the trial began when Tennessee passed the Butler Act in 1925 banning the teaching of evolution in secondary schools. It was only a matter of time before a young biology teacher, John T. Scopes, prompted by the ACLU tested the law. Spectators and newspapermen came from allover to witness whether science or religion would win the day. Yet below all the hype, the trial had a deeper meaning. In Summer for the Gods, Edward Larson argues that a more significant battle was waged between individual liberty and majoritarian democracy. Even though the rural fundamentalist majority legally banned teaching evolution i n 1925, the rise of modernism, started long before the trial, raised a critical question for rural Americans: should they publicly impose their religious beliefs upon individuals who believed more and more in science. Larson divides his account into three sections: before, during, and after. The first section carefully exposes the political struggle over individual rights hidden in the debate between science and religion. What emerge are the political views of the two opposing parties: William Jennings Bryan and the ACLU. William Jennings Bryan’s adherence to fundamental Christianity and creationism was only one part of his politics. He also believed that the state had a duty to ... ...e and technology with their religious beliefs. Summer for the Gods profoundly contributes to the scholarship of progressivism. The role of experts, legal reform, majoritarian democracy, modernism, and individual rights were all part of the progressive movement. The Scopes trial is the perfect test case to show how these progressive tenets were not coherently driving toward a single societal goal. William Jennings Bryan could claim to be a progressive as much as the leaders of the ACLU. Religion and science became the sticking points between progressives like Bryan who believed in majority rule and the ACLU whose very adherence to science and experts pushed them to favor individual freedom. While science lost the trial to religion, Larson shows how a fundamental shift to modernism produced the rise of individual rights and the decline of majoritarian democracy.

The Problems of Gangsta Rap Essay -- Music Culture Cultural Gangsta Ra

The Problems of Gangsta Rap The cultural majority in America is up in arms over the rising levels of violence and horrific images that have seeped into popular entertainment. Movies, television, and music have always been controversial, but even they can cross the line between poor taste and immorality. Entertainment corporations and record labels don't even blink, when told of the excessive torture or satanic lyrics found in material. Producers and directors continue to push the envelop on what is â€Å"done in good taste.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gangsta rap is one of the current problems of society. Popular music for teens has always been controversial, or at least in conflict with middle class attitudes. Teen music has always been under scrutiny by those who are older. Parents, whether from the 60's or 90's, never welcome the sounds of the younger generation. Unfortunately this fact does not comfort someone when listening to Snoop Doggy Dog or Ice Cube talk of sex, violence, beatings, and suicide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hollywood, the country's Mecca for TV and movies, is another contaminated disaster area. This area has given us hero's such as Clint Eastwood, Humphrey Bogart, and Bruce Willis. Once filmmakers would evoke sexual interests through eye contact or a touch of the leg. Today cinematographers resort to graphic sexual acts and horrific beatings. A poll by Newsweek stated that sexual moderation and fidelity are normal for both married people and for those who live together. In ...

Faith in the Things They Carried

Henry Dobbins wears his girlfriend's pantyhose around his neck for protection and comfort. He is much more confident when he equips the stockings, therefore they act as a talisman that shield him from the evils of war. â€Å"Dobbins was invulnerable. Never wounded, never a scratch†¦ No cover at all, but he just slipped the pantyhose over his nose and breathed deep and let the magic do its work† (O' Brine 112). O'Brien uses Dobbins as an example to show the implementation of faith and hope. Through Dobbins and his close relationship with the pantyhose, It Is shown how mentality can affect reality.The stockings not only display the importance of faith and a positive attitude, but also a yearning for femininity, revealing the softer side of Dobbins. They express his longing for love and home. With the stockings, Dobbins journeys through the war untouched and fearless. â€Å"It turned us into a platoon of believers†¦ ‘No sweat,' he said. The magic doesn't go awayà ¢â‚¬  (O'Brien 112). The leggings give Dobbins a of the other platoon members. They began to make the soldiers rely on superstition rather than rationality because the twists of the Jungle were unpredictable.Even after his girlfriend dumped him, Dobbins remained immaculately brave which means hat the power of the stockings did not come from love or his memories, but Dobbin's himself. â€Å"A heroic warrior whose victories†¦ Affirm the country fundamental goodness and power† (Gibson 510). He was able to find hope more than anyone else in the platoon and because of that, Dobbins is singled out as a simple, yet unique individual who can take on the obstructions and terrors of war by simply remaining himself. Throughout the war Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, the platoon leader, can't resist reminiscing about his hungering love for Martha.His anticipation for returning home after the war only grows heavier as his thoughts overrun his mind. This uncontrollability leads to Lavender's death on which Cross can't ever forgive himself for letting happen. â€Å"Lavender was dead. You couldn't burn the blame† (O'Brien 22). His guilt and remorse builds up too point where he tries to rid his mind of the tragedy by burning his memories of Martha, changing nothing. This is essential to understanding Cross' character because no matter what harm comes his way, he ties it back to Martha.Several years after the war, Lieutenant Cross visits O'Brien house ND tells him about how Martha gave him another photo at a college reunion. When O'Brien tells Cross that he wants to write a story about Martha and Cross, Cross replies, â€Å"Why not? Maybe she'll read it and come begging. There's always hope, right? † (O'Brien 28). In the war, Lieutenant Cross puts his faith in returning to Martha because it gives him something worth fighting for. He is completely broken when he finds out she doesn't love him, yet still loves her and wants to be with her.Likewise, O'Brien teac hes through Cross that many soldier's would have the high expectations f coming home after war to find their dreams come true, clearly that is not always the case. Even though Cross isn't fully satisfied, he still believes that there is a possibility that Martha will come back to him after O'Brien writes a story of him as brave, handsome and heroic. Muff need to persist, to listen, and to give them something to hold on to, something that gives them a sense of possibility' (Kowtowing 206). Both Martha and O'Brien offer Cross something to look forward to, a reason to keep his hopes up and remain positive.

La Civilisation Ma Mere

Driss Chraibi was bon in El Jadida (formerly Mazagan, French Morocco), a town near Casablanca. His father was a tea merchant, who perceived Western education as a means to modern Morocco. Chraibi attended Koranic school as a young boy. When the family moved to Casablanca, Chraibi continued his studies at the French Lycee. At age of nineteen he went to France planning study chemical engineering and neuropsychiatry. After abandoning his studies, he traveled throughout Europe and Israel. Chraibi settled in France with his first wife and children, and eventually devoted himself in 1952 to literature and journalism. In 1954 Chraibi began writing for the National Radio and Television Broadcasting System. In 1978 he married Sheena McCalliion. From his first marriage he had five children. Chaibi taught in Canada for a year after his second divorce but returned then to France. Chraibi's works have been translated into English, Arabic, Italian, German, and Russian. Chraibi remained in France until his death. He died on April 2, 2007, in the village of Crest, where he had lived since the mid-1980s. His body was brought back to Morocco and buried in in the Cimetiere des Chouhada in Casablanca. As a novelist Chraibi made his debut with Le Passe simple (The Simple Past), which was published in 1954, two years before Morocco gained its independence. The book arose much controversy because of the inflammable political situation in the North Africa. Chraibi was criticized as a traitor to the Arab world and French conservatives saw that the book revealed the reason for French presence in Morocco. The protagonist in the novel is a young man, Driss, who revolts against his tyrannical Moslem father. The father banishes Driss from the home and Driss begins his wandering on the streets. Finally he returns to home only to find that his mother has committed suicide in his absence. The novel ends with Driss's departure for France. Driss is an outsider in his own country, oppressed by his family and the feudal, religious traditions. Chraibi was so disturbed by critics, that he publicly rejected the novel in 1957, but later regretted his action. The book was banned in Morocco until 1977. Chraibi's next novel, Les Boucs (1955, The Butts), was set among the Arab immigrants living in poverty in France. One of the characters was based apparently on Francois Mauriac; the narrator is an Algerian writer, whose hopes to find understanding among his countrymen is hindered by their illiteracy. The book was ahead of its time – Chraibi was the first North African writer to examine the issue of migrant workers, before the subject became an issue of widespread debate. L'ane (1956) was a tragic story of a rural barber, Moussa, who finds his prophetic mission and death in changing Morocco. Succession ouverte (1962) continued the story of Ferdi Driss, who returns to Morocco for his father's funeral. Driss has spent sixteen years in France, but now re-establishes his relations with his mother and brothers. Gradually Driss realizes how old family values have given way to the ideas of the West. â€Å"Remember, Driss? Would any of us have dared to start dinner before he got back, whether it was after midnight or dawn? You remember, don't you? â€Å"< Un ami viedra vous voir (1967) was set in the modern bourgeois Paris. La civilization, ma mere (1972) was about the self-realization of a housewife in Morocco shortly before and during World War II. The protagonist is a cloistered Arab mother, who becomes a symbol of Third World liberation. Arab feminists have acknowledged Chraibi ‘s sympathetic portraits of women with respect.

Causes & Effects of Academic Cheating

Dusan Micovic EN105 Prof. Rutt 13/10/2012 The Causes and Effects of Academic Cheating Cheating has been an issue for years in academic settings, whether in the primary grades, high school or college. However, definition of cheating remains unclear. It is so widespread and it overlaps with so many academic activities that it does not have a specific, clear, uniform policy on what constitutes academic dishonesty. Parental pressure can also lead to cheating.According to Professor Daniel J. Bauer, parents sometimes coerce their children into attending college by relating horror stories to them about people who never attended college. Parents will tell their teenagers that they will never succeed in life without a college education. These well-meaning parents may even expect nothing but A's on their child's transcript. This parental notion overlooks the possibility that a vocational program may indeed be a better fit for a student.It also increases the pressure these individuals feel to s ucceed, whether in high school or college, or risk losing the love of their parents. Failing a test, for example, is not an option, so they feel they must pass at any cost, even if it means cheating. In a survey by Rutgers University, students felt that cheating is a necessary method to ensure success through high school, college and later in life. Education News has conducted a survey and found that students who are poorly prepared are more likely to cheat than those who studied or completed assignments.Poor preparation is usually a result of laziness, which is indeed one of the biggest obstacles towards academic success. Seeing as overcoming laziness and developing effective study habits might be long and tough road, students prefer taking a shortcut. According to Orment, attitude of the teacher or professor is another possible factor that could drive students to cheating. If the mentor is not prone to offering help outside of class, or is too harsh on grading, this could lead stu dents to cheat.Another practice that can lead to cheating, that researchers mentioned, was weighting a final examination so heavily that failing the test automatically fails a student. The ultimate goal of education is to teach students some crucial concepts and techniques. However, many students don’t have those academic foundations because of the excessive cheating. When cheating is successfully repeated, it easily becomes a habit. Their creativity and sense of responsibility will drop over time, and dependency of cheating will grow.They will leave the education system, with a belief that things in life will always come easy, handed to them on a silver platter. Soon after they step into the work environment they will notice that they were wrong. Accumulated lack of knowledge and skill will make them realize that they are simply not ready. Although cheating can be just a harmless tool of support for years in school and college, it could also produce some serious consequences in the long run, due to its overuse and abuse.

Dil Tuh Bacca Hai Ji

versation require for operation. Quality assurance and control: Quality assurance and control is effective elements of operation management as quality consider as important ingredients for production system. Total quality assurance and control ensure service standards, inspection, control of quality , performance testing etc. Production planning and control: The planning of production is the system that specify the procedure of production to obtain the output desire within a given time at optimum cost in conformance with specified quality standard and control is important to make sure that manufacturer takes place in the manner in a plan.Apart from that some other important elements of operations management is facilities location, plants layout and handling, inventory control, work study and job design that plays effective role within OM. Importance of operational management elements in Microsoft corporations product and service; Within Microsoft corporation elements of operation man agement plays important role as through OM Microsoft corporation can explores production and distribution of services and goods.Side by side the importance of OM elements in Microsoft corporation is that; it can ensure significant competition, shorter service and products life cycle, better and quality conscious consumers as well as capability of technology to improve productivity along with high quality service and products. According to Rama (2010) â€Å"operation management is important to an organization;s manager for at least two reasons. First, it can improve productivity, which improves an organizations financial health.Second, it can help organizations meet customers competitive priorities†. so, as a corporation Microsoft should ensure effective use of operational management's element in order to improve their service by customers priorities and products by improving productivity. 1. 2: The extant that corporation can enhance its competitive capabilities by producing safely, timely, to cost, to quality and within the law: In order to get competitive advantage within the market producing safely, timely, to cost, to quality and within the law help organization in various way.How these element help business to enhance its competitive capabilities is discussed below; Producing safely: Safe production help business by increasing confidence of customer on organization. If any organization produce their product safely than consumer would more likely to buy their product rather than other company that does not produce their product safely because if organization produce their product safely that means they are following heath and safety rules for both staff and customer. Producing timely: Organization like Microsoft can enhance their brand image by producing timely.If Microsoft ensure availability of their stock all time than they can retain customer as well as they can increase their brand image. It will help them to get competition advantage. Quality: Another factors that help Microsoft is producing product with high quality. High quality product can ensure high competitive advantage to Microsoft as the kind of product is Microsoft is producing that providing by other similar organization so, in order to enhance the competitive advantage Microsoft can concentrate on their quality of products.Cost: In order to get competitive advantage cost is effective for Microsoft. By focusing on production cost Microsoft can ensure overall price of product is acceptable for buyers. Following law: The most important factors that help Microsoft to get competitive advantage is following various legislation. If Microsoft do anything that does not meet the requirements of law that the organization will suffer and it also reduce their brand image. . 3: importance of operation management to the corporation's strategic planning and corporate objectives: Operation management is very important for business or organization as its control the system of o rganization. There are various importance that operation management have towards Microsoft ‘s strategic planning and corporate objectives and that are discussed below; Improvements of the system:The importance of operation management is its deals with various design, operation and improvements of the system that helps organization like microsift in order to implement strategic planning as well as achieve corporate objectives by target market. Sustain efficiency and effectiveness: By using OM microsoft can sustain its effeciency and effectiveness within the corporation. Effeciency and effective in microsoft concerned with how good resources such as human expertise and inputs are use in order to achieve purpose they deployed within th ecorporation.Improve productivity: In order to set strategic planning and achieve corporate objective OM plays important role within microsft corporation. As OM improve overall productivity within corporation so it will help corporation to adopt pr oper strategic plan as well as achieve corporate objective. Customer competitive priorities: As OM helps organization to ensure customer competitive priorities so that its important for the corporation to implement straegy in effective way to achieve their goal and objectives.

Managerial Competences. Exploring personal development needs (Set of Essay

Managerial Competences. Exploring personal development needs (Set of tests) - Essay Example MBTI TYPES ISTJ Serious, quiet, earn success by concentration and thoroughness. Practical, orderly, matter of fact, logical, realistic and dependable. See to it that everything is well organised. Take responsibility. Make up their own minds about what should be accomplished and work towards it steadily, regardless of protests or distractions. ISFJ Quiet, friendly, responsible and conscientious. Work devotedly to meet their obligations. Lend stability to any project or group. Thorough, painstaking, accurate. Their interests are usually not technical. Can be patient with necessary details. Loyal, considerate, perceptive, concerned with how other people feel. INFJ Succeed by perseverance, originality and desire to do whatever is needed or wanted. Put their best efforts into their work. Quietly forceful, conscientious, concerned for others. Respected for their firm principles. Likely to be honoured and followed for their clear visions as to how best to serve the common good. INTJ Have or iginal minds and great drive for their own ideas and purposes. Have long-range vision and quickly find meaningful patterns in external events. In fields that appeal to them, they have a fine power to organise a job and carry it through. Sceptical, critical, independent, determined, have high standards of competence and performance. ISTP Cool onlookers – quiet, reserved, observing and analysing life with detached curiosity and unexpected flashes of original humour. Usually interested in cause and effect, how and why mechanical things work and in organising facts using logical principles. Excel at getting to the core of a practical problem and finding the solution. ISFP Retiring, quietly friendly, sensitive,... If you are an active learner in a class that allows little or no class time for discussion or problem-solving activities, you should try to compensate for these lacks when you study. Study in a group in which the members take turns explaining different topics to each other. Work with others to guess what you will be asked on the next test and figure out how you will answer. You will always retain information better if you find ways to do something with it. How can reflective learners help themselves? If you are a reflective learner in a class that allows little or not class time for thinking about new information, you should try to compensate for this lack when you study. Don't simply read or memorize the material; stop periodically to review what you have read and to think of possible questions or applications. You might find it helpful to write short summaries of readings or class notes in your own words. Doing so may take extra time but will enable you to retain the material more effectively.

Use of Landmarks in Skull of Dog (Canis familiaris) for Article

Use of Landmarks in Skull of Dog (Canis familiaris) for Neuronavigation - Article Example The technique is quite common with human patients undergoing intricate neurosurgery but this paper investigates how it may be utilised in canid ones, specifically dogs (Canis familiaris). Image-guided neuronavigation functions on the basis of stereotaxy. The brain is conceived as a geometric entity that can be trisected by three spatial planes orthogonal to each other. These planes are the horizontal, frontal and sagittal ones based on the Cartesian co-ordinate system (Ganslandt, O., et al, 2002). Precise surgical guidance is available by referencing objects within this three-dimensional system in the brain with three-dimensional images aligned along parallel co-ordinate axes displayed on the console of a computer-workstation providing the surgeon with point-to-point imagery of the actual locations in the brain. This allows maximum accuracy of operation (Ganslandt, O., et al, 2002). This spatial accuracy afforded by functional imaging systems such as, primarily, magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), when incorporated within the neuronavigation process, allows precise surgery near eloquent are as of the brain with minimum morbidity (Ganslandt, O., et al, 2002).... Attempts to apply congruency in both morphological and behavioural characteristics of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) immediately runs in several problems because there are innumerable breeds all over the world and the variety is so diverse that it is bewildering. Nevertheless, it is generally agreed that the domestic breed diverged from gray wolves (Canis lupus) 3,25,000 to 1 million years ago. The domestic dog is a very close relative of the wild gray wolf with only about 0.2% divergence in mitochrondrial DNA sequence (Jordana, J., et al, 1999). It is also acknowledged that the gray wolf is a breed that is found both in the New World and the Old and dogs probably originated from the Old World breed and crossed over with humans to the New World to form the special breeds found there today (Olori, J., 2005). This is even though the fond belief of dog-breeders in the New World is that their breeds are exclusively diverged from gray wolves there. At least, the early dog breeds in t he New World were so while more recent breeds may have been bred down from the northern gray wolves that are large-bodied (Jordana, J., et al, 1999). There is also evidence to suggest that there are four distinct lineages that descended independently from gray wolves. Each lineage is called a clade (Olori, J., 2005). The comparative study conducted on 25 different breeds from different parts of the world on the morphological, though Canis familiaris is probably the most morphologically diverse species on earth, and behavioural traits of the domestic dog revealed that morphological data was more congruent than behavioural ones (Jordana, J., et al, 1999). In the context of the purpose of the paper it was found that the cranial profile varied from medium to large to small dogs in

Story of an hour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Story of an hour - Essay Example To get to a point of climax, stories are read and films are watched. This is what determines whether a story is good or bad as it is the focal point of the story. A sure climax will give a situation where there is a double approval or double disapproval. The short story by Kate Chopin, ‘The story of an hour’, offers every detail on its way to the death of Louise Mallard which is the climax of the story and comes so suddenly that most readers are caught off guard. It is a great story since it gives a lot of details as it leads to the climax. Chopin handles issues that are complex in the story as they involve the mixed feelings that Mallard had when she heard of the death of her husband in a train accident. They were marriage, female independence and love. The death of her husband gives her feelings that are conflicting as she feels the pain of her loss while at the same time; she is excited at the prospect of being independent as a female since there was no man to answer to after his death. The story ends in a manner that is not easy to predict as there is a new twist to the tale with the revelation that her husband was actually n ot dead killing her dream of being independent instantly. She dies from the shock and it is her husband who is freed from her and he stays to enjoy the independence that she would envy even in death. The story however does not go far enough to tell the reader what kind of emotions and thoughts went through Mr. Mallard’s mind. In her story, Chopin makes Mrs. Mallard look like a sympathetic person who is strong in mind and has an insight. This is shown by the fact that she feels the pain of the loss of her husband but is strong enough and knows very well that it is no use getting attached to the loss but it is important to take advantage of the freedom that comes from the loss. In other words she takes on the positives from the loss. In the past American wives always answered to their husbands but those women who were

Discussion- Economics-Topic Choice-How managerial economics affect a Assignment

Discussion- Economics-Topic Choice-How managerial economics affect a publicly traded firm - Assignment Example HP is one of the leading companies that provide products, technologies, software and services in the computer industry. The company offers a many products such as computers, printers, storage devices, networking devices and software. HP also offers personal computing services and enterprise information technology to its customers worldwide. Some of the crucial managerial issues include dealing with competition, and ensuring development in technology and innovation. Managers at the company have to deal with other risk factors in the computer industry for instance, cost and revenue issues, research and development. Abbott laboratories provide pharmaceutical and medical products for its customers. Abbott offers a wide range of products in diagnostic, medical services, nutrition and other established pharmaceuticals. The main managerial issues facing Abbott laboratories is the successful integration of the company with other sister companies and still make it to the top of the pharmaceutical sector. In order for publicly traded firms to be successful in their markets, managers must understand some of the most important economic concepts affecting their firms. This includes competitive strategies that eliminate other companies in the market, pricing strategies that establish customer base, marginal analysis, shareholder wealth maximization and market structure decisions. Most of these economic concepts ensure a firm remains in its market position thus success (McGuigan, Moyer, & Harris,

Petroleum Energy in CHINA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Petroleum Energy in CHINA - Assignment Example This paper will concentrate on the price and the income elasticity for gasoline in the state of China. It is appropriate to understand the connections among the gasoline price, the gasoline demand and the non-refundable income as this knowledge will help in the evaluation and examination of the effectiveness of China’s tax transformation. The tax transformation focuses on decreasing the gasoline consumption due to its hazardous impacts such as pollution and global warming and it has various useful implications for the energy statue in consideration (Jiang & Zemin, 103). Even though the domestic fuel prices in China undergo regulation by the government through the responsible department, the prices are always revised quite often in accordance with the world oil prices and due to that, the diesel prices and the gasoline prices tend to follow or rather comply with the world oil prices. The price of gasoline was first moderated in the year 1993, and then in 1994, 1998, 2003 and in 2009 with the implementation of many transformations. In general, the administration or the government usually erects a foundation of price of the crude oil on a non-uniform basis according to the weighted accumulative price change of various international exchanges such as the Minas, the New York, and the Brent. There are two main oil companies in the State of China namely the China Petrochemical Corporation and the China National Petroleum Corporation are given the mandate to set the ex-plant prices that are the wholesale and retail prices. The two corporations sell to the provincial petroleum companies who in turn forecast the retail service joints. The prices charged at the joints or rather stations are set to mitigate between a rate of 8% band and above and below the set standard prices. Given the price mechanism, the nominal retail gasoline prices increased at a steady rate making the annual growth rate to be approximately 3.50 percent (Jiang

Ethical Issues Involving Withdrawal Or Withholding Treatments In The Essay

Ethical Issues Involving Withdrawal Or Withholding Treatments In The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) - Essay Example In terms of finance, withdrawal or withholding treatments in the intensive care unit should defend on the capacity of the relatives of the patient to pay for the costs of health care services. However, financial constraints do not make withdrawing or withholding treatment ethical. Withholding treatment is grounded on medical, ethical, social, and religious values of the patient and the relatives of the terminally ill patient. Different patients have different opinions on the issue. However, rich patients prefer to continue the treatment because they can afford to pay the health care bills. On the other hand, most poor and indigent patients and relatives of poor patients prefer to cut off the life support and other health-prolonging medical equipments and medicines to the patients. Ian Thompson (2006) emphasized applying the utilitarianism ethics concept, the nurse and medical doctor can emphasize that the ethics should focus on the principle â€Å"the end justifies the means†. Under this theory, it would be ethically preferable to remove the life support system if the continued use of the life support system would only prolong the suffering of the terminally ill patient. Under the utilitarian ethics theory, the killing of the patient would be preferable because the end result would be the same: the patient cannot escape impending death. On the other hand, Ian Thompson (2006) also explained deontology ethics states that a rule should be implement in all situations. Under the deontology ethics concept, there are no exceptions to the rule. The rule of avoiding the abandonment or killing of the patient should be to upheld in all situations. Thus, the nurse and the medical doctor should not accept the request of the relatives to pull the plug because they can no longer afford to pay for the services of the medical doctor, nurse, and other healthcare costs. In addition, the medical doctor cannot advise the relatives that it is better to shorten the suffering o f the patient by removing the life support. Further, most medical doctors and nurses implement utilitarianism ethics in their practice. The nurses and medical doctors accept the patients’ family’s request to halt the life support system due to lack of funds to paying the increasing hospital bills of the terminally ill patient. The reason is economics. The healthcare center cannot afford to continue the treatment without payment. Likewise, the patient and the relatives do not have funds to pay for the continued treatment of the patient. In the research conducted, physicians and families of patients on life support system agreed on the decision on when to limit the life support system of their terminally ill relatives (Tschudin, 2003). A research was conducted on 3,498 consecutive patients admitted in six intensive care units. 6.6 percent of the total population had their therapy withheld or withdrawn. Consequently, 221 died in the ICU. The proposal to withhold treatment was advised by the physicians on 210 of the 226 patients. The family members proposed the withholding of treatment in the remaining 16 patients (Esteban et. al., 2001). In another research conducted, physicians in Israel withheld and or had withdrawn the patients’ life support system. This is unethical. The study focused on the intensive care unit of a university hospital in Israel. The findings of the research indicated the life support system in 52 of the 385 patients had cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Innate immunity in tuberculosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Innate immunity in tuberculosis - Essay Example of the body, and patients would just waste away with no effective intervention; however, to date, this infectious disease can be successfully treated with antibiotics (Schiffman, 2008). Brill et al., (2001) reported that tuberculosis remains to be the major health problem worldwide and because of the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis becomes more significant in the years to come in regions where there is an endemic case of intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogen (Brill et al., 2001). Todar (2008) stated that a human immune system is composed of two major subdivisions, namely: (1) Innate or non-specific immune system, and (2) adaptive or specific immune system. The primary or the first line of defence mechanism against invading organism is known as the innate or non – specific immune system (Todar, 2008). This contains cellular and humoral components by which the protective functions are carried out (Todar, 2008). Junqueira - Kipnis et al (2003) noted that with M. tuberculosis, the innate and adaptive immune systems contributes to the defense of the host. Van Crevel et al (2002) noted that the outcome of the infection depends greatly on the relationship between M. tuberculosis and the human host. Both the innate and adaptive defense mechanism is involved with respect to the host. Hence, mechanisms to circumvent and antagonise protective immunity have been developed by M. tuberculosis. The component of the innate immune response are formed by phagocytosis and subsequent IL -12 secretion that are initiated in the absence of prior antigen exposure (Raja, 2004). Natural resistance - associated macrophage protein, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and many others are considered as the component of innate immunity. Raja added that the first line of defense in the innate immunity of M. tuberculosis is played by the plasma lysozyme and other enzymes. Van Crevel et al (2002) noted that macrophages are â€Å"main effector cells†